PNES Referral Sites

Psychogenic Non Epileptic Seizures Information

Once you are diagnosed with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, it can be a huge challenge to find a treating professional when you are not provided with a proper referral. Below, you will find a list of health professionals who are specialized in the treatment of PNES or who have expressed an interest in PNES. This list is organized by state. International listings can be found at the bottom of this page (after US states). The aim is for this list to continue growing so if you know of a health professional who is not listed, please send their contact information through the Ask Us Your Question tab and we will follow up with them to check their qualifications and their interest in being listed.

Psychogenic seizures treatment referral sites

USA

ARGENTINA


AUSTRALIA

CANADA


CZECH REPUBLIC


USA

VIRTUAL THROUGH PSYPACT

PSYPACT® PARTICIPATING STATES (40 ENACTED, 39 EFFECTIVE)
Alabama - AL SB 102 (Enacted 3/18/2021; Effective 6/1/2021)
Arizona - AZ HB 2503 (Enacted on 5/17/2016; Effective 7/1/2020)
Arkansas - AR HB 1760 (Enacted 4/25/2021; Effective (11/18/2021)
Colorado - CO HB 1017 (Enacted 4/12/2018; Effective 7/1/2020)
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands - CNMI HB 22-80 (Enacted and Effective 10/24/2022)
Connecticut -CT S 2(Enacted 5/24/2022; Effective 10/1/2022)
Delaware - DE HB 172 (Enacted 6/27/2019; Effective 7/1/2020)
District of Columbia - DC B 145 (Enacted and Effective 4/2/2021)
Florida -FL H 33(Enacted 5/25/2023; Effective 7/1/2023)
Georgia - GA HB 26 (Enacted 4/23/2019; Effective 7/1/2020)
Idaho - ID S 1305 (Enacted 3/23/2022; Effective 7/1/2022)
Illinois - IL HB 1853 (Enacted 8/22/2018, Effective 7/1/2020)
Indiana -IN S 365(Enacted 3/10/2022; Effective 7/1/2022)
Kansas - KS SB 170 (Enacted 5/17/2021; Effective 1/1/2022)
Kentucky - KY HB 38 (Enacted 3/18/2021; Effective 6/28/2021)
Maine - ME HB 631 (Enacted 6/22/2021; Effective 10/18/2021)
Maryland - MD HB 970 (Enacted and Effective 5/18/2021)
Michigan -MI H 5489(Enacted 12/22/2022; Effective 3/29/2023)
Minnesota - MN SB 193 (Enacted 5/25/2021; Effective 5/26/2021)
Missouri - MO HB 1719/MO SB 660 (Enacted 6/1/2018; Effective 7/1/2020)
Nebraska - NE L 1034 (Enacted 4/23/2018; Effective 7/1/2020)
Nevada - NV AB 429 (Enacted on 5/26/2017; Effective 7/1/2020)
New Hampshire- NH SB 232 (Enacted 7/10/2019; Effective 7/1/2020)
New Jersey -NJ A 4205(Enacted 9/24/2021; Effective 11/23/2021)
North Carolina - NC 361 (Enacted 7/1/2020; Effective 3/1/2021)
North Dakota - ND S 2205 (Enacted 4/13/2023; Effective 8/1/2023)
Ohio -OH S 2 (Enacted 4/27/2021; Effective 7/26/2021)
Oklahoma - OK HB 1057 (Enacted 4/29/2019; Effective 7/1/2020)
Pennsylvania- PA SB 67(Enacted 5/8/2020; Effective 7/8/2020)
Rhode Island -RI H 7501(Enacted 6/21/2022; Effective7/1/2023)
South Carolina -SC H 3204(Enacted 5/16/2023; Effective7/17/2023)
Tennessee -TN S 161 (Enacted and Effective 5/11/2021)
Texas - TX HB 1501 (Enacted 6/10/2019; Effective 7/1/2020)
Utah - UT SB 106 (Enacted on 3/17/2017; Effective 7/1/2020)
Virginia- VA SB 760(Enacted 4/11/2020; Effective 1/1/2021)
Washington -WA H 1286(Enacted 3/4/2022; Effective 6/9/2022)
West Virginia - WV SB 668 (Enacted 4/21/2021; Effective 11/18/2021)
Wisconsin -WI A 537 (Enacted 2/4/2022; Effective 2/6/2022)
Wyoming - WY S 26 (Enacted 2/15/2023; Effective 2/15/2023)

  • Jin Lee, PsyD, MSCP, BCB
    Pediatric Psychologist
    Founder of Teen FND Academy - An innovative online education program to resolve teen FND
    www.teenfndacademy.com
    info@yourpediatricpsychologist.com
    All families are asked to visit the website and watch a free webinar to learn how to resolve FND for teens
    Ages 12-18
    YouTube channel for additional resources: https://www.youtube.com/@TeenFND

  • Courtney Johnson PhD, HSPP, ABPP-CN
    2250 Stafford Rd Plainfield, IN 46168
    Phone: 317-426-8055
    Fax: 317-900-1900
    info@johnsonneuropsychology.com
    https://johnsonneuropsychology.com
    Psypact: Yes
    Treats: Adults
    Special Requirements: Virtual sessions

  • Kansas City Center for Anxiety Treatment, P.A. (KCCAT); Founder and Director: Lisa R. Hale, Ph.D.
    10555 Marty Street, Ste 100, Overland Park, KS 66212
    Phone: 913-649-8820
    Fax: 913-649-8823
    info@kcanxiety.com
    www.kcanxiety.com
    Psypact: Yes
    Please see website for fee schedule
    Sliding scale: We do offer reduced rates with trainee staff members
    Treats: All ages

  • Allison Gilson, PhD
    Psychologist
    Virtual only, no business address- Licensed to see clients in Michigan, Missouri, Kansas and Florida
    Phone: 734-472-2705
    Fax: 734-666-3873
    AllisonGilson@momentaiwellness.com
    www.momentaiwellness.com
    Psypact: Yes
    Treats: Teens, Adults, Seniors
    Special Populations: PTSD, trauma, functional neurological disorder, veterans, LGBTQIA+, dissociative disorders

  • Alison Buchholz, PhD
    Neuropsychologist
    600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287
    Phone: 410 502 3268
    Fax: 410 955 0504
    mmill249@jhmi.edu  
    https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/details/alison-buchholz
    Psypact: Yes
    Please call or email for additional information regarding insurance

  • Julia Doss
    Psychologist
    6545 France Ave S, Edina, MN 55435
    Phone: 612-325-4234
    Fax: (855) 515-0834
    jdoss@dosshealthpsychology.com
    www.dosshealthpsychology.com
    Psypact: Yes
    Treats: Children, Teens, and Young Adults
    Special Populations: Youth
    Special Requirements: Must provide medical records for review prior to scheduling

  • Lorna Myers, Ph.D.
    Psychologist
    Northeast Regional Epilepsy Group
    Director of the PNES Program
    Clinical Supervisor for clinicians treating patients with PNES
    Psypact: Yes
    20 Prospect Avenue, Suite 800
    Hackensack, NJ 07601
    212-661-7467

  • Paola Bailey, PsyD
    Psychologist
    113 University Pl, New York, NY, 10003
    310-341-0317
    paola@paolabailey.com
    www.paolabailey.com
    Psypact: Yes (fully licensed in NY, CA & NC)
    Treats: Adults only
    Special Populations: Women, PTSD, CPTSD
    Special Requirements: must have confirmed diagnosis, prefer neuro-psych testing

  • Davis VanderVeen, Ph.D.
    Psychologist
    Virtual practice based in Utah, see people throughout the country with PsyPact
    248-736-1422
    davis@anchoredhealthpsych.com
    www.anchoredhealthpsych.com
    Psypact: Yes
    Treats: Adults, Seniors
    Special Populations: Complex medical conditions


California

  • Cameron Froude PhD LMFT LMFT
    Trauma Therapist
    Online Practicing Only
    800-908-7890
    clientsuccess@drcammy.com
    www.drcammy.com
    Treats: Children, Teens, Adults, Seniors
    Special Populations: CPTSD, dissociation, personality disorders, conversion disorder, tic disorder

  • Paola Bailey, PsyD
    Psychologist
    113 University Pl, New York, NY, 10003
    310-341-0317
    paola@paolabailey.com
    www.paolabailey.com
    Psypact: Yes (fully licensed in NY, CA & NC)
    Treats: Adults
    Special populations: Women, PTSD, CPTSD
    Special Requirements: Must have confirmed diagnosis, prefer neuro-psych testing

  • Anne Juliana Lockman MD
    15559 Union Ave Ste 3012 Los Gatos CA 95032
    Phone: 408-359-7077
    Fax: (408) 531-6751
    consult@lockmanmd.com
    www.lockmanmd.com
    Provides superbill that client can submit to their insurance for reimbursement if there are out-of-network benefits
    Treats: Adults, Seniors

  • Eunie Jung, Ph.D.
    2617 Capitol Avenue, Sacramento
    yoonkjung@gmail.com
    https://jungpsychology.webs.com
    Treats: Adults, Seniors
    Special populations: Veterans, PTSD
    Special Requirements: Must have confirmed diagnosis of PNES through V-EEG, must have neuropsychological testing



Colorado


Connecticut

District of Columbia (D.C.)

  • Marcela Bonafina, Ph.D.
    Psychologist, neuropsychologist
    100 M street Suite 600
    Washington, DC 20003
    Tel: (202) 688-3884 
    Cell: (917) 971-5371
    drbonafina@gmail.com
    www.drbonafina.com
    Special populations: PTSD, active duty and military families
    Psypact: yes

 

Florida

  • Lindsey D. Miller, LMHC
    Licensed Mental Health Counselor – Play Therapist Graduate Certificate
    795 Executive Dr. Oviedo, FL 32765
    407-617-7881
    Miller.LindseyD@gmail.com
    www.OviedoCounselingAssociates.com
    Treats: Children only as a play therapist and child/adolescent therapist. No adult services provided – pediatric treatment from ages 4-16 only.
    Special Populations: Complex trauma in children, PTSD, Anxiety Disorders
    Special Requirements: Must have confirmed diagnosis prior to services provided and neurology/medical/pediatric treatment team willing to consult. PNES treatment is provided in person in the playroom with adult/parent support. New patient appointments are based on availability and at times I have a lengthy wait list for new patients.

  • Allison Gilson, PhD
    Psychologist
    Virtual only, no business address- Licensed to see clients in Michigan, Missouri, Kansas and Florida
    Phone: 734-472-2705
    Fax: 734-666-3873
    AllisonGilson@momentaiwellness.com
    www.momentaiwellness.com
    Psypact: Yes
    Treats: Teens, Adults, Seniors
    Special Populations: PTSD, trauma, functional neurological disorder, veterans, LGBTQIA+, dissociative disorders


Georgia


Indiana


Kansas

  • Kansas City Center for Anxiety Treatment, P.A. (KCCAT); Founder and Director: Lisa R. Hale, Ph.D.
    10555 Marty Street, Ste 100, Overland Park, KS 66212
    Phone: 913-649-8820
    Fax: 913-649-8823
    info@kcanxiety.com
    www.kcanxiety.com
    Psypact: Yes
    Please see website for fee schedule
    Sliding scale: We do offer reduced rates with trainee staff members
    Treats: All ages

  • Allison Gilson, PhD
    Psychologist
    Virtual only, no business address- Licensed to see clients in Michigan, Missouri, Kansas and Florida
    Phone: 734-472-2705
    Fax: 734-666-3873
    AllisonGilson@momentaiwellness.com
    www.momentaiwellness.com
    Psypact: Yes
    Treats: Teens, Adults, Seniors
    Special Populations: PTSD, trauma, functional neurological disorder, veterans, LGBTQIA+, dissociative disorders


Kentucky

  • Jayan Thomas, LCSW
    Licensed Clinical Social Worker
    914 Lily Creek Road, Suite 102, Louisville, KY 40243
    Phone: 502-805-5858
    Fax: 502-805-5859
    jayanthomas@counselingsecure.com
    www.chronicillnesscounselingcenter.com
    Treats: Mostly Adults and Seniors, Other therapists in the practice can work with adolescents and teens.
    Special Populations: Works with a lot of PTSD and grief, as these are many times part of the triggers for PNES.

  • Robbie Blair, MSSW, LCSW
    Licensed Clinical Social Worker
    914 Lily Creek Road, Suite 102, Louisville, KY 40243
    Phone: 502-309-2692 and 502-805-5858
    Fax: 502-385-6626
    robbie.blair@counselingsecure.com
    https://chronicillnesscounselingcenter.com/
    Treats: Teens, Adults
    Special Populations: PTSD, substance, and alcohol use disorders
    Special Requirements: Preferred to have confirmed diagnosis of PNES through V-EEG. Would encourage to have neuropsychological testing scheduled or completed.




Maryland


Massachusetts


Michigan

  • Marci Cyphers
    Licensed Professional Counselor
    401 N. Mechanic St., Jackson, MI  49201
    Phone: 517-201-1121
    Fax: 517-244-8707
    marci@soulandpsychecounseling.com
    www.soulandpsychecounseling.com
    Treats: All Ages
    Special Populations: Faith-based and Christian counseling

  • Allison Gilson, PhD
    Psychologist
    Virtual only, no business address- Licensed to see clients in Michigan, Missouri, Kansas and Florida
    Phone: 734-472-2705
    Fax: 734-666-3873
    AllisonGilson@momentaiwellness.com
    www.momentaiwellness.com
    Psypact: Yes
    Treats: Teens, Adults, Seniors
    Special Populations: PTSD, trauma, functional neurological disorder, veterans, LGBTQIA+, dissociative disorders


Minnesota

  • Julia Doss
    Psychologist
    6545 France Ave S, Edina, MN 55435
    Phone: 612-326-4234
    Fax: (855) 515-0834
    jdoss@dosshealthpsychology.com
    www.dosshealthpsychology.com
    Psypact: Yes
    Treats: Children, Teens, and Young Adults
    Special Populations: Youth
    Special Requirements: Must provide medical records for review prior to scheduling

  • Sharon Mason
    Psychologist
    3499 Lexington Ave N, Suite 100
    Arden Hills, MN 55126
    651-486-4828
    Sdl@minnesotarenewal.org
    Treats: Adults

 


Missouri

  • Allison Gilson, PhD
    Psychologist
    Virtual only, no business address- Licensed to see clients in Michigan, Missouri, Kansas and Florida
    Phone: 734-472-2705
    Fax: 734-666-3873
    AllisonGilson@momentaiwellness.com
    www.momentaiwellness.com
    Psypact: Yes
    Treats: Teens, Adults, Seniors
    Special Populations: PTSD, trauma, functional neurological disorder, veterans, LGBTQIA+, dissociative disorders


New Jersey

  • Lorna Myers, Ph.D.
    Psychologist
    Northeast Regional Epilepsy Group
    Director of the PNES Program
    Clinical Supervisor for clinicians treating patients with PNES
    Psypact: Yes
    20 Prospect Avenue, Suite 800
    Hackensack, NJ 07601
    212-661-7467

  • Urmi Vaidya-Mathur. LCSW
    LCSW, Psychotherapist
    220 KInderkamack Rd #1C Westwood NJ 07675
    0201-579-0034
    uvmlcsw@gmail.com
    Treats: Adolescents, Adults
    Special Populations: PTSD

  • Debra Haverson
    Social Worker, MSW, LCSW
    19 Green Ave., Suite 200, Madison, NJ 07940
    973-845-2361
    dhaverson@aim.com
    See profile on Psychology Today for Website
    Sliding scale: Possibly
    Treats: All Ages
    Special Requirements: Prefer patient to have a confirmed diagnosis through V-EEG

  • Tamara Shulman, Ph.D., FAACP
    Psychologist
    925 Clifton Avenue Clifton, NJ 07013
    973-471-9506
    tamara@tamarashulman.com
    http://www.tamarashulman.com
    Treats: Adolescents and older

  • Dr. Renee Seff
    Licensed Professional Counselor
    2 Buck Lane, Marlboro NJ 07728
    732-996-3306
    Renee.seff@gmail.com
    Treats:  21 and up
    Special Populations: specialize in working with PTSD and first responders, including veterans
    Special Requirements: must have confirmed diagnosis and agree to ongoing release with the neurologist

  • Z Paige L'Erario, MD LMSW
    Psychotherapist Licensed in NY, NJ
    Andrew Triska Psychotherapy
    211 E. 43rd St. Fl. 6, Suite 641 New York, NY 10017
    929-687-5092
    zlerario@triskapsychotherapy.com
    Special Populations: Those identifying as LGBTQI and/or neurodivergent

  • Jennifer S. Brey, MA, LPC
    Jennifer S. Brey MA, LPC
    Phone: 223-203-1248
    Jennifer@breycounselingservices.com
    www.breycounselingservices.com
    Psypact: No
    Treats: Adults
    Special populations: PTSD, Women, LGBTQ
    Special Requirements: Virtual sessions only. Must have a confirmed diagnosis of PNES if that is the treatment focus.


New Mexico


New York

  • Lorna Myers, Ph.D.
    Psychologist
    Northeast Regional Epilepsy Group
    Director of the PNES Program
    Clinical Supervisor for clinicians treating patients with PNES
    PsyPact: yes
    820 Second Avenue, Suite 6C
    New York NY 10017
    212-661-7467 (ask for Sonya and for an appointment with our epilepsy doctors for a psychogenic non epileptic seizure evaluation.)
    www.epilepsygroup.com
    dramyers@yahoo.com

  • Paola Bailey, PsyD
    Psychologist
    113 University Pl, New York, NY, 10003
    310-341-0317
    paola@paolabailey.com
    www.paolabailey.com
    Psypact: Yes (fully licensed in NY, CA & NC)
    Treats: Adults only
    Special populations: Women, PTSD, CPTSD
    Special Requirements: Must have confirmed diagnosis, prefer neuro-psych testing

  • Deepti Anbarasan, MD
    Psychiatrist/Neuropsychiatrist, Epileptologist
    303 5th Avenue, Suite 1707, NY NY 10016
    Phone: 347 377 0959
    Fax: 210 892 3629
    contact@nycneuropsychiatry.com
    www.nycneuropsychiatry.com
    Sliding scale: limited availability
    Treats: All

  • Tamara Shulman, Ph.D., FAACP
    Psychologist
    340 E 64th Street New York, NY 10065
    212-980-0578
    tamara@tamarashulman.com
    http://www.tamarashulman.com
    Treats: Adolescents and older

  • Olga Poznansky, PhD
    Licensed Psychologist
    123 East 25th Street, Suite 300, office #2
    646-436-1407
    olgapoznanskyphd@gmail.com
    Sliding scale: Yes
    Treats: PTSD, women
    Special Requirements: Helpful if there is a recent neuro psych but not required. Dx of PNES and rule out of neurological issues

  • Carlina D Leon
    Licensed Mental Health Counselor
    80 Fifth Ave. Suite 903. New York, New York 10011
    212 – 6837327 (it is easier and faster to text or WhatsApp the number)
    info@carlinaleon.com or management@carlinaleon.com
    www.carlinaleon.com

  • Dr. Maria Bonacci, Psy. D, MS
    Dr. Nicholas Bonacci, LPC, LCLDC
    15901 Central Commerce Dr,  Pflugerville, TX 78660
    512/521-4376 (licensed virtually NY and TX) 
    mandnwellness@gmail.com
    lifecaretherapies.com
    Treats: Dr. Maria Bonacci treats adults while Dr. Nicholas Bonacci treats children
    Special Populations: veterans, PTSD, Women, Spanish Speakers
    Special Requirements: At least a visit with a neuropsychologist

  • Z Paige L'Erario, MD LMSW
    Psychotherapist Licensed in NY, NJ
    Andrew Triska Psychotherapy
    211 E. 43rd St. Fl. 6, Suite 641 New York, NY 10017
    929-687-5092
    zlerario@triskapsychotherapy.com
    Special Populations: Those identifying as LGBTQI and/or neurodivergent

 

 

North Carolina

  • Paola Bailey, PsyD
    Psychologist
    113 University Pl, New York, NY, 10003
    310-341-0317
    paola@paolabailey.com
    www.paolabailey.com
    Psypact: Yes (fully licensed in NY, CA & NC)
    Treats: Adults
    Special populations: Women, PTSD, CPTSD
    Special Requirements: Must have confirmed diagnosis, prefer neuro-psych testing

  • Jared Cook, MA
    Licensed Psychological Associate
    1208 Eastchester Dr. Suite 200, High Point, NC 27265
    336-802-2205
    jarcook@wakehealth.edu
    Treats: Adults
    Special Requirements: Must have confirmed diagnosis

 

Ohio

  • Bikat Tilahun, PhD
    Director of Behavioral Health, Charles Shor Epilepsy Center
    Clinical Assistant Professor, CCLCM
    Neurological Institute
    9500 Euclid Avenue S51 Cleveland OH
    216-636-6241

  • Jocelyn Bautista, MD
    Neurological Institute
    9500 Euclid Avenue S51 Cleveland OH
    216-636-6241

 

Oregon

  • Kenna Groat
    Professional Counselor Associate (pre-licensed); Supervised by Audra Lee, LPC(OR)
    1110 SE Alder Street #301, Portland, OR 97214
    503-832-8221
    kenna@kgcounselingnw.com
    Kgcounselingnw.com
    Sliding scale: Yes, $75 - $100; limited spots
    Treats: Anyone over the age of 18

  • Sonja Choi Heifetz, MS, LPC
    Psychotherapist
    Sonja Choi Heifetz Counseling, LLC
    Private practice clinicians treating patients with PNES
    Psypact: No
    1020 SW Taylor St, Suite 440
    Portland, OR 97205
    ph 503.382.8534
    fax 503.382.8524
    sonjachoi.com

 

Pennsylvania



Rhode Island


Texas

  • Sara Black LPC-S, LCDC
    Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor, Licensed Chemical Dependency Counselor
    17103 Preston Rd, Suite 160, Dallas, TX 75248
    Phone: 972-863-7133
    Fax: 972-692-5992
    Sara@LifeNavigationCounseling.com
    LifeNavigationCounseling.com
    Treats: Adults
    Special populations: PTSD

  • Dr. Maria Bonacci, Psy. D, MS
    Dr. Nicholas Bonacci, LPC, LCLDC
    15901 Central Commerce Dr,  Pflugerville, TX 78660
    512/521-4376 (licensed virtually NY and TX) 
    mandnwellness@gmail.com
    lifecaretherapies.com
    Treats: Dr. Maria Bonacci treats adults while Dr. Nicholas Bonacci treats children
    Special Populations: veterans, PTSD, Women, Spanish Speakers
    Special Requirements: At least a visit with a neuropsychologist

  • Travis Long, LPC Licensed Professional Counselor
    Phone: 469-626-8795
    https://olivebranchcounselingtexas.com
    2222 W Spring Creek Pkwy Ste 114
    Plano, TX 75023


Utah

 

ARGENTINA

Buenos Aires



AUSTRALIA

Newcastle

  • Jerry Knight
    Hypnotherapist
    Newcastle New South Wales, Australia
    Phone: 0061 427 158 191
    jerry@jkhypnotherapy.com.au
    jkhypnotherapy.com.au
    Treats: Teens to Seniors
    Special populations: PTSD
    Operates online and will see clients across the world


CANADA

British Columbia


Calgary

  • Dr. Tyson Sawchuk
    Psychologist
    Pediatric Neurology, Alberta Children’s Hospital; 28 Oki drive NW, Calgary AB CANADA
    Phone: 403-955-7967
    Fax: 403-955-7045
    tyson.sawchuk@ahs.ca
    https://profiles.ucalgary.ca/tyson-sawchuk
    Accepts public healthcare access for individuals residing in Calgary, Alberta
    Treats: Children, Teens
    Special Populations: Pediatrics

Ontario

  • Dr. Sarah Vernon-Scott, Ph.D., C.Psych.
    Clinical, Health and Rehabilitation Psychologist
    London Health Sciences Centre 339 Windermere Rd. P.O. Box 5339, London ON N6A 5A5
    Phone: 519-685-8500
    sarah.vernonscott@lhsc.on.ca
    Treats: Adults
    Special Requirements: in order to be referred for psychological assessment or treatment, patients must be referred by a physician who has admitting privileges at London Health Sciences Centre.


CZECH REPUBLIC

Prague




Disclaimer: Our e-mails are intended for general questions about your non-epileptic condition as well as treatment at our center. The information provided here is for educational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical or psychological advice. NEREG assumes no responsibility for how this material is used. Please consult directly with a physician or psychotherapist if you are ill. Also note that while NEREG frequently updates its contents, information changes rapidly. As a result, some information may be out of date. Our list of PNES referral sites is only meant to provide guidance. These providers do not work with NEREG and we cannot guarantee the quality of their work.
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